If you suffer injury, whether physical or emotional, from acts of medical negligence, it stands to reason that you can claim for both provided, of course, that you can prove the injuries sustained came about as a direct result of the alleged acts of negligence and the conditions are bonafide. Emotional or psychological distress is as valid a condition as its physical counterpart. Most people are familiar with anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, or depression. Sleep disturbance can be another sign of severe emotional distress. These stressful conditions can severely affect your ability to work, maintain relationships and functional normally in life‘s everyday aspects. Some of these symptoms can be temporary while others are long lasting. Can I claim for injuries that are only emotional or psychological following an act of medical negligence ? You can indeed, but you must show that: The injury was caused by the negligence or lack of due care on the part of a medical professional. The emotional injury or condition suffered has been diagnosed and signed off by a qualified medical professional such as a GP, psychiatrist or psychologist. For many years these claims, described as psychological trauma or emotional distress, have been accepted by the Injuries Resolution Board and the courts although, almost by definition, they are harder to establish than physical injuries. It is easy to see how an individual could suffer such emotional trauma or distress following a cancer misdiagnosis or perhaps where a hysterectomy is performed in error. Other claims, not quite as dramatic, can be more difficult to sustain. You will need a strong body of evidence to make a claim for emotional distress as it can be relatively easy to fabricate such a condition. Medical reports will be required particularly from experts along with receipts or invoices for therapy sessions, medication prescribed and the like. As with actual physical injuries, the Personal Injury Guidelines, introduced several years ago by the judges, provide a schedule of compensation payments based on the severity and longevity of the emotional injuries from minor anxiety to severe PTSD and depression. A word of warning. Emotional or psychological injury claims can prove very challenging to establish more than those involving just physical harm. The defendants or their insurance company often tend to minimise or question the seriousness of the emotional trauma suffered by a plaintiff and it may take additional medical expert opinions to establish for certain that your claim for emotional distress is indeed a valid one. There are also timeless involved in bringing these cases so the earlier you engage with your Solicitor the stronger your case will be.

If a person or organisation makes an untrue comment or statement about another person, that person can sue for defamation. In say a work situation where you believed that a colleague did some act or omission that was not permitted regarding their work which might harm the business in some way and you felt obliged to report this to the employer, this would be a privileged statement. In doing so the protection only applies if you honestly believed that the statement you made is true. But if you later discover that you were wrong, and refuse to withdraw or correct your statement, you lose the protection of privilege. Honest Opinion To establish honesty as a defence, there is a heavy onus on the person making the statement to show: The statement was based on facts. The statement was of public interest and made without malice where the party making the statement believed the facts to be true. An example could be where a broadcaster is sued over a statement made on air, the broadcaster must establish that they believed that the statement made was honestly held. Generally, defamatory statements made about a person’s private life would not be a matter of public interest. It could though be harder for persons who have a highly visible public life, like entertainers, who frequently reveal aspects about their private life, to rely on the argument that a defamatory statement about them was not in the public interest and was therefore actionable. Fair & Reasonable Publication A statement made in good faith and about something that is in the public interest may not be defamatory. A court will consider: The seriousness of the allegations If the statement made it clear that that it was about suspicions or allegations, rather than facts. If there were exceptional circumstances that made it necessary to publish the statement If the person who was the subject of the statement was given the opportunity to give their side of events The onus of proof in any of these defences falls upon the defendant who makes the statement. Innocent Publication Innocent publication may apply where a person is not responsible for the statement or the publication of the statement but contributed to distributing the statement in some way. This defence is frequently used by social media companies for defamatory posts made on their platforms. An Apology A swift apology is a good type of defence. It does not wipe away the defamatory statement but will reduce the damages awarded or it might prevent legal proceedings being issued. Offer of Amends The maker of a defamatory statement may make an “offer of amends” in writing to the person who is alleged to have been defamed. That offer of amends will include an offer to make a suitable correction and a sufficient apology. The correction and apology will be published in an appropriate place. The offer of amends may also include an offer to pay compensation or damages. If an appropriate offer of amends is not accepted, that refusal can be used in some cases as a defence to any later legal proceedings. Correction Order A court may issue a correction order, which orders the person who made the statement to publish a correction of the defamatory statement . Injunction The Court can issue an order that prohibits the publication of a defamatory statement. Note though that injunction proceedings are expensive so discuss this with your solicitor before rushing ahead with this relief. Damages A court will consider a number of factors after the defamation has been proven. The court will consider the seriousness of the damage caused by the defamatory statement and what impact it has had on the standing or reputation of the person defamed. In all cases consult your solicitor if you believe you have been defamed.

Medical negligence cases can be particularly lengthy and complex and therefore more expensive than other personal injury cases. Construction disputes are often settled by mediation as are landlord and Tenant disputes. So, could mediation be employed in medical negligence cases? It could and indeed has been for some time. What is mediation all about? It is a voluntary process where a mediator, totally independent of both parties, assists the parties in dispute, typically a patient and hospital, to come to an agreed solution in settling the patient’s claim for compensation against the hospital. In mediation, both parties are involved in any final decision, whereas in a court setting, it is decided by the judge alone. It is a more informal process and preserves the privacy of the parties which usually means it is much less expensive than court actions. We go into some further detail on these savings below. Okay but how does it work in practice? If the parties opt for mediation, they must first agree on a mediator who is usually a lawyer or Medic experienced in this area. After hearing arguments from both sides, presented by their legal representatives, the mediator’s job is to assist the parties in coming to a settlement which often involves compromise. The outcome could be a final payment with or without an apology or another award reflecting the particular circumstances of the plaintiff. What are the chief benefits of mediation in such medical negligence cases? Privacy. Unlike hearings in open court, where reporters may be present, all mediation cases are held in private and any settlement agreed will be fully confidential between the parties. It is easy so to see why hospitals might prefer private mediation as opposed to a full hearing in court even where they might admit that a compensation payment is likely. Savings both on cost and time. In any medical negligence court case, there are numerous appearances before the court seeking adjournments, discovery, costs or other applications. In fact, it can take a full year to come to court after you apply for the case to be set down for hearing. Mediation takes place over a far shorter time period, thereby reducing costs but a similar outcome in compensation can be achieved. Informality and flexibility. There are no wigs and gowns in a mediation process. In addition, the parties could agree on special arrangements such as perhaps additional cost-free medical treatment for the plaintiff. What did that Mediation Act 2017 do? It brought the mediation process into the forefront of litigation by encouraging solicitors to use it as an alternative to court hearings so that the stress, time and costs involved could be reduced. The Act in fact compelled solicitors to inform their clients about the option to mediate and its benefit before they even start to issue court proceeding. The Act also underlines the confidentiality of mediation. Finally, the act confirms that any agreement reached is to be legally binding with consequences if one party breaches the terms of the settlement. Can mediation be a DIY process or do I still need a solicitor? You should always engage a solicitor. Mediation is less stressful than the adversarial setting of a court, but it needs careful preparation and informed decision-making during the process. Your solicitor will assist you in all the steps involved making sure that your rights are fully protected and that you conclude the mediation with the best possible settlement.

While the subject matter of the case involved a personal injury which the plaintiff incurred when being pushed from behind while descending a staircase in the defendant’s school, the application before the court was to dismiss the case on account of prolonged delay by the plaintiff in pursuing the case. Because of the delay, the defendant had previously sought to have the case dismissed. This case was Neiser v. Leinster Senior College, unreported, High Court, Phelan J., 29 June 2023. Mr Justice Phelan dismissed the motion to dismiss the case relying on the decision in Primor plc v. Stokes Kennedy Crowley [1996] 2 I.R. 459. He cited from that judgment which said in part: ‘I refuse to make an order dismissing the plaintiff’s proceedings on grounds of inordinate and inexcusable delay being satisfied that this delay has not so prejudiced the defendant as to tip the balance of justice against allowing the case to proceed.’ Phelan J expressly stated that there was an “imperative” for steps to be taken, without any further delay, to secure a hearing date for these proceedings. As of the date of the judgment, the only procedural step remaining to be completed in order to obtain a hearing date was to make an application to the judge in charge of the Personal Injuries List. Nothing else was outstanding. The pleadings were long since closed and the discovery process completed. However, the plaintiff’s side failed to apply for a date, despite numerous requests that they do so. The plaintiff’s solicitors filed to come off record, but this was not followed through and the plaintiff's solicitor admitted that there was delay by his firm in processing the case which was not the plaintiff’s fault. The solicitor acknowledged that the plaintiff had been given a “clear warning” by the court that there should be no further delay in obtaining a hearing date and that the plaintiff and her solicitors have not complied with that warning. The principles governing applications to dismiss proceedings on the grounds of delay have recently been restated by the Supreme Court in Kirwan v. Connors [2025] IESC 21. The following points are of especial relevance to the circumstances of the present proceedings. First, the law should recognise the fact that passage of time is important in and of itself, and can justify dismissal of a claim, without more justification. Second, there is no mutual obligation in litigation requiring defendants to take positive steps to advance a case brought against them. Defendant inactivity is not normally a bar to dismissal. Third, rules on dismissal of claims for want of prosecution are not themselves an impermissible interference with the right of access to courts to litigate claims and there is no presumption against dismissal. Fourth, if a court does not dismiss the claim, it would be entitled to make strict case management directions on the basis that non-compliance with such directions would itself justify dismissal. In the current application to dismiss the proceedings, Simons J observed that the judgment of Phelan J of 29 June 2023 was that the refusal of the application was contingent on steps being taken without any further delay to secure a hearing date for the proceedings. These steps had not been taken. In seeking to dismiss the motion to terminate the action because of inordinate delay, counsel for the plaintiff submitted nevertheless that there were exceptional circumstances which justified further indulgence. First, it was said that the plaintiff is unemployed and suffers financial hardship. Second, it was said that the plaintiff suffers from depression and ill-health caused by the alleged incident. This, it was said, has led to difficulties in obtaining instructions from the plaintiff. Simons J rejected all three grounds and said: ‘The plaintiff has failed to establish that there are any exceptional circumstances which might justify the delay from June 2023 in having a hearing date fixed. As explained in Kirwan v. Connors (per O’Donnell C.J.) a court, in deciding not to dismiss a claim, is entitled to make strict case management directions on the basis that non-compliance with such directions would itself justify dismissal. Here, the High Court, in its judgment of 29 June 2023, made it plain that steps were to be taken “without any further delay” to secure a hearing date for the proceedings. This imperative has not been complied with and there is no justification for this non-compliance. It follows, therefore, that the proceedings must be dismissed by reason of delay.’ The application to dismiss the personal injury proceedings because of delay was granted. Neiser v Leinster Senior College Ltd and Idemudia Akpekpe (third party) High Court (Simons J) [2026] IEHC 15

The law governing this comes under the Assisted Decision-Making (Capacity) Act, 2023 How Does It Work? It was created to assist adults who, due to illness or other disability, lack the capacity to make decisions for themselves. The legislation offers a three-tiered structure depending on the person’s level of capacity, namely: Decision-Making Assistance Co-Decision-Maker Decision-Making Representative (DMR) Further, there are two other mechanisms, namely: Advance Healthcare Directives and Enduring Powers of Attorney (EPA)—allow individuals to set out their preferences in anticipation of future incapacity. The Abolition of Wardship  For people who do not fit into the new system there is a gap caused by the abolition of the wardship system. This has resorted in healthcare professions having to apply to the High Court to protect those who are most vulnerable. The kind of orders sought in the High Court can vary; examples are: Anorexia On life-support Requiring urgent surgical intervention Discharge from adults in wardship Review and discharge applications can be made by: The ward The wards committee, and Another with leave of the court Rules of the Superior Courts provide that the High Court must carry out a review and discharge every adult from Wardship by 26 April 2026 . There is currently no provision in the Act for: Extension of the April 2026 deadline The consequences if the court cannot review and discharge all wards by April 2026 The position of wards who have not been reviewed or discharged by the deadline. The Wards of Court Office has highlighted several reasons why there have been so few discharge applications, which include: Hesitancy to change to an unfamiliar arrangement. Uncertainty surrounding the proposed new management of wards' funds. Costs of the discharge process Intricacies of the discharge process Content with the Wards of Court service already provided. Enduring Powers of Attorney Enduring Powers of Attorney is also in the legislation. But there are practical issues around their creation, execution, and notification requirements which have raised concerns among legal practitioners and affected individuals. Talk to your solicitor if you have a family member that might need one of these options. They will guide you on which route to take.

The plaintiff had bought some land that was adjacent to the defendant. There was a laneway leading to his land and the defendant was not happy with the use of it by the plaintiff. On the day of the incident, the plaintiff was driving up the laneway but was obstructed by the defendant and his son. The plaintiff tried to go past them, but they blocked him. He said the defendant threatened and verbally abused him and demanded that the plaintiff get off the laneway. The plaintiff explained to the court that the situation became extremely volatile. The defendant did not appear at the hearing. Previously he was charged and convicted, on a guilty plea, for the firearm offences of possession of a firearm without a certificate and assault causing harm for which he received a three-year suspended sentence. The plaintiff said in evidence that the defendant fired several shots from a shotgun at him. The pellets smashed the windows of the digger. He was hit by several of the pellets. One lodged in his eye, and he subsequently lost consciousness. He said the experience terrified him and he was in fear for both his own life and that of a friend who was travelling a short distance behind him. In total 14 pellets were embedded in his face. The result of the incident caused the plaintiff to lose interest in his farming work, become withdrawn and isolated. Fortunately, he obtained medical assistance and after two years was much improved. The court award the plaintiff a total of €128,000 which included €30,000 for exemplary and aggravated damages. Sweeney v Friel High Court [2025] IEHC 716

What is a Compulsory Purchase Order (CPO)? A CPO is a legal order which allows certain statutory bodies, such as local authorities, which need to acquire land or property for large projects (e.g. road widening or Luas schemes) to do so without the consent of the owner where a compelling case in the public interest can be demonstrated. Compulsory purchase powers enable a local authority to acquire land, property, and other interests compulsorily to carry out their public function. What is the Purpose of a Compulsory Purchase and owner Compensation? The compulsory acquisition of land takes place in Ireland to allow a public infrastructure project, perhaps to support new housing, to go ahead for the common good. The principle of compulsory purchase compensation is to seek to place the affected party, in so far as money can, in no better or worse position than they were prior to the compulsory purchase. What are the Steps of a CPO Process? A statutory body decides to make a CPO. Affected parties will be served with a notice stating that the Order is about to be put on public display and submitted to An Coimisiun Pleanála for confirmation. Newspaper notices will be published. Objections/submissions can be made to An Coimisium Pleanála, and this may result in an Oral Hearing at which affected parties can formally put their views forward. An Coimisium Pleanála either confirms, amends or rejects CPO order and publishes details of the decisions in this regard. After expiry of objection period, the CPO is operative. Local Authority serves Notice to Treat on the affected parties and discussions commence regarding the level of compensation available. The affected party lodges a claim for compensation. This can be made by the claimants’ valuer. On reaching agreement, compensation is paid, otherwise the matter may be referred by either party to the Property Arbitrator to assess compensation. Acquisition is finalised, compensation paid. How do I know when a CPO application has been made affecting my property? If your property or portion of it is to be the subject of a CPO, you will receive a letter notifying you that an application has been made and of the timeframe available to you to make submissions (representations) to the relevant planning authority. Can I object to the making of a CPO? You certainly can. Once a CPO application is made to the relevant planning authority there is a statutory consultation process during which time submissions and objections to the CPO can be made to the local authority. In most instances for large infrastructure projects, the decision-making authority is An Coimisium Pleanála. What is a Notice to Treat? The Notice to Treat is a formal request served by the local authority to agree a price for the portion of land or property identified for CPO. It states that the acquiring authority is willing to treat or make an offer to purchase the owner, lessee and occupiers' interest in the land and invites affected parties to submit details of their claim. The Notice to Treat is not considered a binding contract and does not in itself have the effect of passing any interest or estate in land to the acquiring authority. The transfer of legal interest(s) in lands occurs at a later stage when your solicitor completes the title transfer to the local authority. The original Notice to Treat must be served on the named person. A copy can be sent to a representative where requested. What is a Notice of Entry? A Notice of Entry is a formal legal notice which is served by the local authority either at the same time or following the service of a Notice to Treat and gives the acquiring authority power to enter on and take possession of the relevant lands to be acquired. This may occur before compensation is agreed and before money has been paid. The affected party/interest is given a minimum of 14 days’ prior notice and typically access is arranged between your solicitor and the other parties by agreement. How can I prepare a Compensation Claim? Upon receipt of a Notice to Treat, a claimant’s legal duty to engage starts. The claimant may wish to obtain independent professional advice and representation in preparing and negotiating a claim for compensation. The cost of such services is part of a normal claim for compensation and is typically made up as follows: Solicitor’s costs for conveyancing and advice on the CPO process. Valuer’s / Agronomists fees to cover negotiations on compensation. Other professional fees associated with the CPO. Who can I contact to Prepare my Claim? There are several professional representative bodies where some of their members practice in the area of compulsory purchase and compensation. These include the Society of Chartered Surveyors Ireland (SCSI); Institute of Professional Auctioneers & Valuers (IPAV); Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS); Agricultural; Consultants Association (ACA); and the Law Society. How is the Compensation Assessed? Where the entitlement to statutory compensation exists, each case is assessed on its own merits. The usual rule is that you are compensated for the value of the lands taken by the local authority along with any loss of value in the lands retained caused by the CPO. How do Negotiations Happen? When the compensation claim has been submitted, it is normal for negotiations to take place between the valuers appointed to act on behalf of the local authority and the owners’ valuer. During those Negotiations, an agreement on compensation can be reached with an extensive list of accommodation works i.e. fencing, walls, water supply, drainage, relocation of septic tank, double glazing etc. Sometimes a monetary contribution can be agreed in lieu of the provision of those works items. Otherwise, the accommodation works will generally be completed prior to or during the main construction contract. Yes, but what if Compensation Is not Agreed? Where it is not possible for the claimant and the local authority to reach agreement on the compensation payable, the law provides for an independent arbitration process whereby an arbitrator, after hearing the evidence from the respective parties determines the amount payable. The decision of an arbitrator is binding on both parties. Either the owner or the local authority can apply for the appointment of a property arbitrator. When do I receive my Compensation? Once the negotiations process is complete and a proposed settlement is reached between the parties, or following an Award from the property arbitrator, the matter is referred to each side’s respective legal representatives to undertake the conveyancing (transfer of ownership) process and then the compensation is paid. It is important that your solicitor ensures that your legal title documentation is in order as only good and marketable title is acceptable to the local authority. Difficulties in payment of compensation may arise if clear title or ownership details cannot be confirmed by your solicitor. The CPO process can be long and somewhat complex. It is in your own interests to engage with your solicitor and valuer at the earliest possible stage to ensure the best outcome for you as an owner.

The petitioner who is a director and shareholder in software company Sulu Software Consultancy Ltd, sought to wind up the company pursuant to the Companies Act, 2014, section 569 (1) (e) on the grounds that the Company has, due to a breakdown in the relationship with one of the founders, essentially ceased to function and is on the cusp of insolvency. The respondent objected to the application to wind up the company. He was also a director of the Company and, at the time the petition was presented, a shareholder, holding just over 25% of the issued share capital of the Company. At the time the application to the court was made, the company was on the brink of insolvency, with no employees and very little activity happening. The application to the court was for the court to exercise its discretion on the ‘just and equitable’ ground on arguments put forward by the respondent. The grounds put forward by the respondent were: (i) The petitioner had organised the acquisition of the respondents shares in the company after the respondent had resigned. (ii) The petitioner was part of a plan to remove the non-compete clauses from the contracts of employment of key staff, which was proposed and supported by all the shareholders, except for the respondent; and (iii) The petitioner had started to work on a new startup company which did not include the respondent. Also, the respondent urged that the real purpose of the petition was to frustrate his proposed Oppression Proceedings and the Court should exercise its discretion not to grant the winding-up petition in all the circumstances. The petitioner and respondent were founders of the company which was to design software to help companies leverage the benefits of using crypto currency and associated technology. There was no dispute that there had been an irretrievable breakdown in the relationship between the respondent and the company. Both parties agreed that the company was on the brink of insolvency. The petitioner explained to the court that the company was a start-up with start-up funding which was virtually gone and the Oppression Proceedings by the respondent made it almost impossible to attract new investment. As a result of that, the company passed a resolution supported by all of the shareholders except the respondent, releasing all of the founders, including the respondent, from their non-compete clauses. The Board Minutes in respect of that decision indicated that it arose in “consideration of the financial position and poor future prospects of the Company.” The court considered the legislative provisions under the Companies Act, 2014 and relevant case law. Very extensive submissions were made by both sides and in considering these together with the legislation and case law, the court was satisfied that the appropriate exercise of the court's discretion was to accede to the petition and to make an order for the winding up of the Company and the appointment of the liquidator. Having considered the factual context and having taken account of the submissions made, the court ruled that it was just and equitable that the company be wound up. Mr Justice Quinn said: ‘The principal reason for this is the undisputed fact that the company is on the cusp of insolvency and has literally only months to go before it runs out of funds and there is no plausible prospect of this not occurring. No solution has been identified that will enable the Company to avoid an imminent insolvency. As Collins J. says in Re Lanskey Ltd. [2022] IECA 34 “there was no adequate or satisfactory alternative remedy here”. To refuse the petition would be to create an unsatisfactory situation. The Company has currently no employees and is carrying on minimal activity. In a few months, the Company will be insolvent with no cash or other assets, and it will be difficult, from a practical point of view, for any liquidator to carry out the functions necessary to wind up the Company properly.’ The judge observed that without investment the company could not fulfil the purpose for which it was created. In all the circumstances, the court found that it was just and equitable to have the company wound up. O’Neill (petitioner) v Hudner (respondent) High Court [2025] IEHC 669.

The plaintiff went to Tallaght University Hospital A&E on 8 August 2020 complaining of a severe headache and said he had headaches over a 10-day period. Three days after attending the hospital, he collapsed from a brain bleed. Counsel for the plaintiff told the court that while at the hospital the plaintiff received a cursory examination and was then discharged but three days later, he collapsed at his home. It was submitted that the plaintiff suffered a very bad bleed in the brain and it was his side’s contention that a CT brain scan should have been carried out on the August visit to the hospital emergency department. Counsel submitted that a scan may have shown traces of blood cell breakdown and he could have had a lumbar puncture and been transferred to another hospital for treatment. It was claimed that there was an alleged failure to take any reasonable or appropriate care of the plaintiff when he attended the A&E of Tallaght University Hospital in August 2020. It was further claimed there was an alleged failure to properly examine, investigate and treat him in a timely manner. It was also claimed there was an alleged failure to give sufficient attention to his presentation and complaints of changed and increased frequency, intensity, and severity of headaches. It was further contended that the plaintiff’s complaints were allegedly inappropriately and erroneously attributed to his longstanding migraine. There was, it was claimed, an alleged failure to investigate Mr Cully’s headaches with neurological examination in a timely manner. Counsel for the hospital responded saying that liability was hotly contested in the case and the big issue was the contention by the defendant that the CT scan imaging should have been performed during the A&E visit. Counsel for the hospital further submitted that it was the hospital’s case that had a CT brain scan been performed on the August visit to the emergency department, it would not have shown a brain bleed and could have been falsely reassuring. The hospital contended that it was unlikely the plaintiff suffered a brain bleed before August 11, when he collapsed at home. All the claims were denied, and it was contended by the hospital that the plaintiff received reasonable and appropriate care when he attended the emergency department of Tallaght University Hospital on 8 August 2020. It was further contended that the typical features of a brain bleed were absent, and it was contended that it was reasonable to attribute Mr Cully’s symptoms to a longstanding migraine history and the symptoms complained of were more in keeping with migraine. The plaintiff, the hospital claimed, was given appropriate advice, treatment, and care for the presenting complaint. During a break, the two sides reached a settlement which was read to the judge for approval. The judge agreed on the division of liability of two thirds against the plaintiff and one third against the hospital amounting to a settlement figure of €1m. Cully v Tallaght University Hospital High Court (Mr Justice Paul Coffey) 9 December 2025.